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Imam Ash-Shafi'i
In some greeting situations people bow to each other by lowering their heads or chests. But Muslims are not permitted to bow to each other or to non-Muslims. As it is a greeting of worship that is only offered to God.
Imam Malik
The majority of scholars view that it is not permissible for Muslim men and women to shake hands if they are not related to each other. The other view permits shaking hands with elderly women if there is no temptation.
Imam Abu Hanifa
The lives and works of the four imams who founded the four great canonical schools of thoughts of Islamic fiqh.
Dodging the Law
Muslim scholars have 2 opposite views on congratulating and joining non-Muslims on their religious feasts. The first view considers it forbidden. The other sees it permissible if they are at peace with Muslims
Taking Unbelievers’ Money
It is forbidden for Muslims to take any money from non-Muslims or non-Muslim countries with whom they have a pledge if they are not entitled to it. If this happens it is considered as a willful breach of the low.
Naturalization in a non-Muslim Country
There are different views on the subject of a Muslim obtaining the nationality of a non-Muslim country. The first view forbids it, as he will be subject to all country laws. The other says that it is permissible.
Formation of Islamic Institutions
Muslims living in non-Muslim countries are encouraged to establish religious councils and institutions to regulate their personal and family affairs. This will also help them to be officially recognized.
Integration in non-Muslim Society
Muslims are encouraged to integrate with non-Muslim society while they are maintaining their bond with God. On the other hand, complete integration where they are asked to discard their Religion is forbidden.
Supporting Just Causes
Muslims are urged to support each other specially those who suffer from injustice providing that the means is permissible. The Prophet himself took part of a supportive alliance “alFudul” before Islam message
Citizenship in non-Muslim Countries
It is permissible for Muslims to be a citizen of a non-Muslim country. As long as their Islamic identity is not threatened and that they can raise their children as Muslims but they have to abide by the law of the land.
Residence in non-Muslim Countries
There are two views on a Muslim residence in a non-Muslim country. The first supports it, if he could declare and practice his faith. The second view forbids it and find it obligatory to leave unbelievers land.
Helping non-Muslim Soldiers
Muslims can help non-Muslim soldiers providing that this will bring more benefits to Muslims. Whoever pursue piety is helped. But it is absolutely forbidden if they are helping them to fight against Islam.
Religious Coexistence
Religious coexistence is accepted in Islam if it aims at creating a peaceful environment for different Religions followers. But it is not accepted if its purpose it to come up with a new religious framework.
Non-Muslims Taking Part in Islamic Prayer
Non-Muslims can take part in Islamic prayers. This could incline their hearts to Islam, and may lead to accepting it. They only have to be in a separate row or at the end of the row so the lines are not interrupted.
Non-Muslims in Mosques
Non-Muslims are allowed to attend lectures or meetings in Mosques. As these meetings may help them accept Islam through knowing what it advocates. But it is important that they preserve Mosques sanctity
Interfaith Dialogue
Interfaith dialogues are permissible providing that they aim to advocate Islam and to achieve peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims. But if they aim to achieve a mix between religions they are forbidden.
Public Demonstrations in Countries of Muslim Minorities
Muslims living in non-Muslim countries can organize peaceful demonstrations. As it is away to protest against wrongs and ensure public interest in Western countries, and it will help get minority’s voice heard.
Women and the Vote
Muslim women have the right to participate in political activities providing that it is in accordance with what their circumstances allow and as long as the participation in public affairs won’t cause any harm.
Helping non-Muslim Candidates to Win Public Office
The main objective of Islamic law is to bring benefit and prevent harm. So, a Muslim can help non-Muslim to get a public office providing that his election will prevent injustice and ensure and complement benefit
Taking up Public Office in non-Muslim Coutries
A Muslim can take a public office in non-Muslim country if it will help achieve public benefit providing that the work itself is permissible and it won’t cause any harms to Muslims. And he should run it with wisdom.