content of level
Mandatory Punishments (Hudud)
The Arabic term hadd (plural: hudud) is defined as a punishment stated in Islamic law for encroaching on the limits set by Allah. The hudud aim to deter people from committing acts of disobedience of Allah. Thus, they help to spread security and reassurance in the community.
The indemnity and its assessment
The basis of assessment is the indemnity for killing a free Muslim, which is 100 camels. It is increased in the case of murder and manslaughter by requiring 40 of these camels to be pregnant females.
Indemnity
The Arabic term diyah, i.e. indemnity, is defined as the money given to the victim or to his immediate family because of the offence.
Offences causing physical injury
These include every type of harm that affects a human being but does not lead to death, including wounds and loss of limbs or other organs.In these cases al-Qisaas is enforced. Allah says: ‘A life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and a similar retribution for wounds’ (5: 43).
Accidental killing
The offender has no intention to kill the victim, but his action results in another’s death.Ruling: The ruling relating to the hereafter is that accidental killing does not incur a sin or a punishment, while the ruling relating to this life is that indemnity is payable by the offender and his relatives over a period of three years.
Semi-deliberate killing, or manslaughter
This occurs when the offender attacks his victim with something which does not normally cause death, but then the victim dies.
An offence against life
This is the crime of killing. Allah says: ‘Do not take any human being’s life – which Allah has made sacred – except in the course of justice’ (6: 151).
offences
Jinayah means offence and it refers to a crime committed against a person, or property or honor.
A cause that prevents inheritance
A cause that prevents inheritance: There are three situations where this type of exclusion might apply, as we have noted: being a slave, killing the deceased and following a religion other than Islam.
Types of Heirs and their Shares
One: Five kinds of heirs may take a share of one-half:The husband, when his deceased wife has no male or female offspring by that marriage or an earlier one. The deceased’s daughter, when she has no siblings, male or female, who are also heirs of the deceased. The deceased’s son’s daughter, when she is the only heir. The deceased’s full brother, when he has no siblings to share with him and the deceased has neither offspring nor parents or grandparents. The deceased’s half sister born to his father, when she has no siblings to inherit with her, and the deceased has neither offspring nor parents or grandparents, nor a full brother or a full sister.
Types of heirs according to their inheritance
Those who inherit assigned shares: There are seven types of these heirs: husband, wife, the two grandmothers, mother and her two sons.
The heirs
Heirs may be males or females. There are nine types of male relatives: 1) son; 2) grandson and lower male grandchildren; 3) father; 4) grandfather and higher male grandparents; 5) brother or half-brother; 6) nephew who is the son of a half-brother who has a different mother. If the deceased has the same mother then his nephew does not inherit; 7) paternal uncle; 8) son of a paternal uncle who is a full brother of the deceased’s father or a half-brother born to the same father; 9) husband
What prevents inheritance
Murder: All scholars agree that a deliberate murder is a cause that precludes inheritance. The murderer cannot inherit from his victim.Slavery: During the time when slavery was a recognized system, slaves could not inherit.If the heir and his deceased relative belonged to different faiths. The Prophet says: ‘A Muslim does not inherit from an unbeliever, nor does an unbeliever inherit from a Muslim.’
Conditions of Wills
The testator must be a person who is qualified to make a donation, by being an adult of sound mind. There are, however, two exceptions: a young testator who makes a will regarding his own funeral and burial, as long as this is within what is reasonable, and a weak-minded person making a will for charitable purposes, such as teaching the Qur’an or building a hospital.
Types of wills
Obligatory: A will to ensure the repayment of debts and return things held in trust; Recommended: A will made in favor of relatives who are not heirs and for charitable purposes; Reprehensible: A will made in favor of people who indulge in sin; Forbidden: A will created for a forbidden purpose, such as building a temple. A will is also forbidden if it amounts to harming any of one’s heirs. Permissible: A will made in favor of relatives and non-relatives who are well off. A will is deemed to have been made in one of three ways: a verbal statement, a written document, and a clear signal.
Wills
Wasiyyah i.e. a will, according to Islam means bequeathing ownership after one’s death in a voluntary way.
When custody is over
When the term of custody is over, if the child’s father and custodian agree to the child staying with either of them, their agreement is endorsed. If they do not come to an agreement, then the child is given the choice.
Conditions of Child Custody
1. Being a Muslim.2. Being a sane adult.3. Integrity, honesty and chastity.4. Physical and financial ability to look after the child.5. The custodian must be a person of good common sense.
Child Custody
Definition: Child custody means, according to Islamic law, taking care of a child when it cannot look after itself, and to bring the child up, looking after it physically and mentally, protecting it against anything that could cause it harm.
Are the calamities that befall us due to pre-destiny or our sins?
Are the calamities that befall us due to pre-destiny or our sins? - Assim al hakeem.